लिवर एबसेस

लीवर हमारे शरीर का मुख्य अंग है और इसमें किसी तरह की समस्या हो जाने पर शरीर की कार्यक्षमता पर बहुत बुरा असर पड़ता है . लिवर एबसेस  को आम बोल चाल के भाषा में जिगर का फोड़ा कहते है ,इससे संक्रमित रोगी के जिगर में सिकुड़न पैदा होती है और फिर उसमें फोड़ा निकल आता है। Liver में उत्पन्न होने वाला यह फोड़ा जब पक जाता है तो रोग सांघातिक हो जाता है। इसके बाद ऑपरेशन करने की नौबत आ जाती है लेकिन अधिकतर देखा गया है इस रोग से पीड़ित रोगी का ऑपरेशन करने पर अधिकतर रोगियों की मृत्यु हो जाती है। जिगर में घाव होने से इससे निकलने वाला दूषित द्रव खून में मिलकर खून को गन्दा कर देता है, जिससे शरीर कमजोर और रोगग्रस्त हो जाता है। इस दौरान लीवर में बहुत अधिक मात्रा में मवाद भी एकत्रित हो जाती है .

लिवर एबसेस के कारण –

·         पेट में किसी तरह का संक्रमण या इन्फेक्शन होना

·         आंत्र छिद्र का होना

·         पित्त ट्यूबो में संक्रमण

·         लीवर में किसी चोट का लगना

·         खान पान सही ना होने की वजह से कई बार यह समस्या होती है .

लिवर एबसेस के लक्षण –

इसके लक्षण आमतौर पे लोगो को समझ नहीं आते क्योकि वो इसे पेट दर्द समझ लेते है जबकिऐसा नहीं है .


·         भूख में कमी – जब लीवर सही तरीके से काम नहीं करता और इसमें फोड़ा होता है तो भूख में कमी आने लगती है और जी मचलता रहता है .

·         पेट दर्द – वैसे कई सारे सामान्य कारण भी है जिनकी वजह से पेट दर्द होता है लेकिन अगर आपको हमेशा पेट दर्द बना रहता है और कई बार यह भयानक हो जाता है तो आपको इसका इलाज करवाना चाहिए .

·         पीलिया – पीलिया एक लीवर से सम्बंधित रोग है और लीवर के कमजोर होने पर पीलिया होता है इसीलिए अगर आपको पीलिया की समस्या हुई है तो एक बार आपको इसकी जांच भी करानी चाहिए .

·         मूत्र में गाढ़ापन – पेशाव में गाढ़ापन इसका मुख्य लक्षण है और यह लीवर के सही तरीके से काम ना करने की वजह से होता है .

·         वजन घटना – लगातार वजन का घटना या वजन का बढना भी इसका लक्षण है और आमतौर पे वजन घटता है इसीलिए आप इसकी जांच अवश्य कराये जिससे इससे समय रहते निजात मिल जाएँ .

·         क्ले रंग का रक्त – कोई चोट लगने पर अगर आपके शरीर से क्ले रंग का रक्त निकल रहा है तो यह लीवर में फोड़ा होने के लक्षण है .

·         रात को पसीना या बुखार – रात को पसीना आना और सामान्य से अधिक आना और इसके साथ बुखार और ठंड इस रोग के लक्षण है और आपको इसका इलाज करवाना चहिये .



लिवर एबसेस के टेस्ट –

·         पेट का सीटी स्कैन करके इसकी जांच की जा सकती है

·         पेट का अल्ट्रासाउंड भी किया जाता है

·         बैक्टीरिया के लिए रक्त का कल्चर परीक्षण

·         लीवर बायोप्सी

·         लीवर इन्फेक्शन परीक्षण

·         सीबीसी

इलाज –

उपचार में आमतौर पर फोड़ा निकालने के लिए त्वचा के अन्दर से एक ट्यूब डाली जाती है. सर्जरी की अक्सर कम आवश्यकता पड़ती है. आप को लगभग 4 से 6 सप्ताह तक एंटीबायोटिक दवाएं लेनी होंगी. कभी-कभी, एंटीबायोटिक केवल संक्रमण का इलाज कर सकते हैं.

इसमें जान का भी जोखिम होता है. मृत्यु के लिए जोखिम उन लोगों में अधिक होता है जिनको कई यकृत फोड़े होते हैं. इसकी वजह से बहुत ही खतरनाक लीवर की सेप्सिस हो सकती है.

गठिया

गठिया

अर्थराइटिस जोड़ों में होने वाली एक बहुत ही आम बीमारी है। इस बीमारी में जोड़ों में दर्द होता है और जोड़ों को घुमाने, मोड़ने, हिलाने और हरकत करने में परेशानी होती है। विशेषज्ञों का मानना है कि एक सौ से भी अधिक किस्म के अर्थराइटिस होते हैं। अर्थराइटिस से व्यक्ति की रोज़मर्रा की जीवनशैली बुरी तरह प्रभावित होती है। यह जीवन भर सताने वाली बीमारी होती है। बीमारी अधिक बढ़ने पर मरीज के जोड़ों में असहनीय पीड़ा होती है और हाथ–पांव हरकत करना तक बंद कर देते हैं।

किस तरह से दिखता है गठिया?

पैरों के अंगूठों में सूजन पैरों में गठिया का असर सबसे पहले देखने को मिलता है। अंगूठे बुरी तरह से सूज जाते हैं और तब तक ठीक नहीं होते जब तक की उनका इलाज ना करवाया जाए। उंगलियों के जोड़ में यूरिक एसिड के क्रिस्‍टल जमा हो जाते हैं। इससे उंगलियों के जोडो़ में बहुत दर्द होता है जिसके लिये डॉक्‍टर का उपचार लेना पड़ता है।

दर्द से भरी कुहनियां गठिया रोग कुहनियां तथा घुटनों में हो सकता है। इसमें कुहनियां बहुत ही तकलीफ देह हो जाती हैं और सूजन से भर उठती हैं।

कैसा हो आहार

संतुलित और सुपाच्य आहार लें। चोकर युक्त आटे की रोटी तथा छिलके वाली मूंग की दाल खाएं। हरी सब्जियों में सहिजन, ककड़ी, लौकी, तोरई, पत्ता गोभी, गाजर, आदि का सेवन करें। दूध और उससे बने पदार्थों का सेवन करें। दवाइयों से ठीक करें गठिया अगर दर्द ज्‍यादा बढ़ गया हो तो डॉक्‍टर को दिखा कर दवाइयां खाएं। यह सूजन और दर्द को कम करती हैं तथा खून में यूरिक एसिड की मात्रा को कम करके जोडो़ में इसे जमा होने से बचाती हैं।

गठिया के लक्षण

गठिया के किसी भी रूप में जोड़ों में सूजन दिखाई देने लगती है। इस सूजन के चलते जोड़ों में दर्द, जकड़न और फुलाव होने लगता है। रोग के बढ़ जाने पर तो चलने-फिरने या हिलने-डुलने में भी परेशानी होने लगती है। इसका प्रभाव प्राय घुटनों, नितंबों, उंगलियों तथा मेरू की हड्डियों में होता है उसके बाद यह कलाइयों, कोहनियों, कंधों तथा टखनों के जोड़ भी दिखाई पड़ता है।

Hyperlipidaemia

FART  TASHAHHUM AL-DAM   (HYPERLIPIDAEMIA)

FART  TASHAHHUM AL-DAM   (Hyperlipidaemia) is a condition characterized by abnormally elevated levels of lipids and/or lipoproteins  in the blood. It makes the patients susceptible to accelerated atherosclerosis leadings to cardiovascular diseases and stroke.

 Hyperlipidemias are divided into primary and secondary subtypes. Primary hyperlipidemia is usually due to genetic causes (such as a mutation in a receptor protein), while secondary hyperlipidemia arises due to other underlying causes such as diabetes. Lipid and lipoprotein abnormalities are common in the general population and are regarded as modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular diseasedue to their influence on atherosclerosis. In addition, some forms may predispose to acute pancreatitis.

Risk factor   

Family history

Obesity

Junk food

Alcohol and tobacco

Lack of physical activity

Fat and carbohydrate-rich diet

Stress and anxiety

Middle and old age

Clinical features

Asymptomatic

Hyperlipidemia has no symptoms, so the only way to detect it is to have your doctor perform a blood test called a lipid panel or a lipid profile. This test determines your cholesterol levels. Your doctor will take a sample of your blood and send it to a lab for testing, then get back to you with a full report. Your report will show your levels of:

total cholesterol

low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol

high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol

triglycerides

Complications

Coronary artry disease (CAD)

Heart attack

Stroke

Prevention

Get regular lipid profile test

Reduce saturated fat intake

Maintain healthy life style

Exercise for 45 minutes daily at least five days a week

Make a habit of sound sleep for 6-8hour

Restrict salt intake to<5gm/day

Avoid

Tobacco and alcohol

Junk and smoked foods

Red,dried and salted meat & fish

Mental stress and anxiety

Mangement

Unani medicine offers following  therapies for the management of the disease

Illaj bil ghidha  (dieto-therapy)

Eat a heart-healthy diet

Making changes to your diet can lower your “bad” cholesterol levels and increase your “good” cholesterol levels. Here are a few changes you can make:

Choose healthy fats. Avoid saturated fats that are found primarily in red meat, bacon, sausage, and full-fat dairy products. Choose lean proteins like chicken, turkey, and fish when possible. Switch to low-fat or fat-free dairy. And use monounsaturated fats like olive and canola oil for cooking.

Cut out the trans fats. Trans fats are found in fried food and processed foods, like cookies, crackers, and other snacks. Check the ingredients on product labels. Skip any product that lists “partially hydrogenated oil.”

Eat more omega-3s. Omega-3 fatty acids have many heart benefits. You can find them in some types of fish, including salmon, mackerel, and herring. They can also be found in some nuts and seeds, like walnuts and flax seeds.

Increase your fiber intake. All fiber is heart-healthy, but soluble fiber, which is found in oats, brain, fruits, beans, and vegetables, can lower your LDL cholesterol levels.

Learn heart-healthy recipes. Check out the American Heart Association’s recipe page for tips on delicious meals, snacks, and desserts that won’t raise your cholesterol.

Eat more fruits and veggies. They’re high in fiber and vitamins and low in saturated fat.

Cucumber, bottle gourd, ridge gourd, water melon,grapes

Khall (vinegar)

Ma al-jubn (whey)

Ilaj bil dawa (pharmacotherapy)

If lifestyle changes aren’t enough to treat your hyperlipidemia, your doctor may prescribe medication. Common cholesterol- and triglyceride-lowering medications include:

statins, such as:

atorvastatin (Lipitor)

fluvastatin (Lescol XL)

lovastatin (Altoprev)

pitavastatin (Livalo)

pravastatin (Pravachol)

rosuvastatin (Crestor)

simvastatin (Zocor)

bile-acid-binding resins, such as:

cholestyramine (Prevalite)

colesevelam (WelChol)

colestipol (Colestid)

cholesterol absorption inhibitors, such as ezetimibe (Zetia)

injectable medications, such as alirocumab (Praluent) or evolocumab (Repatha)

fibrates, like fenofibrate (Fenoglide, Tricor, Triglide) or gemfibrozil (Lopid)

niacin (Niacor)

omega-3 fatty acid supplements

other cholesterol-lowing supplements

single unani drugs

Arjun

Muqil

Zanjabil

Zira siyah

Darchini

Compound drugs

Majun shir alvi khani

Arq zira

Safuf muhazzil

Ilaj bil tadber (regimenal therapy)

Riyadat (exercise)

Hammam (turkish bath)

Fasad(venesection)

Male infertility

Male infertility (Enah" or "Enanat")

 As per Unani concept Male infertility termed as"ENAH" or "ENANAT" defined as inability to perform sexual act & reproduction while zofe bah termed as sexual debility, defined as weakness in the performance & reproductive organs. It's fact zofe bah lead to male infertility

Male infertility refers to a male's inability to cause pregnancy in a fertile female. In humans it accounts for 40–50% of infertility.^[1][2][3] It affects approximately 7% of all men.^[4] Male infertility is commonly due to deficiencies in the semen, and semen quality is used as a surrogate measure of male fecundity.^[5]

Causes

Factors relating to male infertility include:^[6]

Immune infertility

Antisperm antibodies (ASA) have been considered as infertility cause in around 10–30% of infertile couples.^[7] ASA production are directed against surface antigens on sperm, which can interfere with sperm motility and transport through the female reproductive tract, inhibiting capacitation and acrosome reaction. Risk factors for the formation of antisperm antibodies in men include the breakdown of the blood‑testis barrier, trauma and surgery, orchitis, varicocele, infections, prostatitis, testicular cancer, failure of immunosuppression and unprotected receptive anal or oral sex with men.^[7][8]

Testicular factors

Testicular factors refer to conditions where the testes produce sperm of low quantity and/or poor quality despite adequate hormonal support and include:

Varicocele

Varicocele, is a condition of swollen testicle veins.

It is present in 15% of normal men and in about 40% of infertile men.

It is present in up to 35% of cases of primary infertility and 69-81% of secondary infertility.^[9]

Other

Age (see also: Paternal age effect)

Genetic defects on the Y chromosome

Y chromosome microdeletions

Abnormal set of chromosomes

Klinefelter syndrome

Centriole^[10]

Neoplasm, e.g. seminoma

Idiopathic failure

Cryptorchidism

Trauma

Hydrocele

Mumps

Malaria

Testicular cancer

Defects in USP26 in some cases^[12]

Acrosomal defects affecting egg penetration

Idiopathic oligospermia - unexplained sperm deficiencies account for 30% of male infertility.^[13]

Pre-testicular causes

Pre-testicular factors refer to conditions that impede adequate support of the testes and include situations of poor hormonal support and poor general health including:

Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism due to various causes

Obesity increases the risk of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism.^[14] Animal models indicate that obesity causes leptin insensitivity in the hypothalamus, leading to decreased Kiss1 expression, which, in turn, alters the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).^[14]

Undiagnosed and untreated coeliac disease (CD).  In men, CD can reduce semen quality and cause immature secondary sex characteristics, hypogonadism and hyperprolactinaemia, which causes impotence and loss of libido.^[16] The giving of gluten free diet and correction of deficient dietary elements can lead to a return of fertility.^[15][16] It is likely that an effective evaluation for infertility would best include assessment for underlying celiac disease, both in men and women.^[17]

Drugs, alcohol

Strenuous riding (bicycle riding,^[18] horseback riding)

Medications, including those that affect spermatogenesis such as chemotherapy, anabolic steroids, cimetidine, spironolactone; those that decrease FSH levels such as phenytoin; those that decrease sperm motility such as sulfasalazine and nitrofurantoin

Genetic abnormalities such as a Robertsonian translocation

Tobacco smoking

There is increasing evidence that the harmful products of tobacco smoking may damage the testicles^[19] and kill sperm,^[20][21] but their effect on male fertility is not clear.^[22]  Smoking tobacco increases intake of cadmium, because the tobacco plant absorbs the metal. Cadmium, being chemically similar to zinc, may replace zinc in the DNA polymerase, which plays a critical role in sperm production. Zinc replaced by cadmium in DNA polymerase can be particularly damaging to the testes.^[23]

DNA damage

Common inherited variants in genes that encode enzymes employed in DNA mismatch repair are associated with increased risk of sperm DNA damage and male infertility.^[24]  These findings suggest that DNA damage is an important factor in male infertility.

Epigenetic

An increasing amount of recent evidence has been recorded documenting abnormal sperm DNA methylation in association with abnormal semen parameters and male infertility.^[27][28]

Post-testicular causes

Post-testicular factors decrease male fertility due to conditions that affect the male genital system after testicular sperm production and include defects of the genital tract as well as problems in ejaculation:

Vas deferens obstruction

Lack of Vas deferens, often related to genetic markers for cystic fibrosis

Infection, e.g. prostatitis

Retrograde ejaculation

Ejaculatory duct obstruction

Hypospadias

Impotence

Dignosis

Medical history

The history should include prior testicular or penile insults (torsion, cryptorchidism, trauma), infections (mumps orchitis, epididymitis), environmental factors, excessive heat, radiation, medications, and drug use (anabolic steroids, alcohol, smoking).

Sexual habits, frequency and timing of intercourse, use of lubricants, and each partner's previous fertility experiences are important.

Loss of libido and headaches or visual disturbances may indicate a pituitary tumor.

A family history may reveal genetic problems.

Physical examination

Usually, the patient disrobes completely and puts on a gown. The physician, physician assistant, or nurse practitioner will perform a thorough examination of the penis, scrotum, testicles, I vas deferens, spermatic cords, ejaculatory ducts, urethra, urinary bladder, anus and rectum. An orchidometer can measure testicular volume, which in turn is tightly associated with both sperm and hormonal parameters.^[4] A physical exam of the scrotum can reveal a varicocele, but the impact of detecting and surgically correct a varicocele on sperm parameters or overall male fertility is debated.^[4]

Sperm sample

The volume of the semen sample, approximate number of total sperm cells, sperm motility/forward progression, and % of sperm with normal morphology are measured. This is the most common type of fertility testing.^[29][30] Semen deficiencies are often labeled as follows:

Oligospermia or Oligozoospermia - decreased number of spermatozoa in semen

Aspermia - complete lack of semen

Hypospermia - reduced seminal volume

Azoospermia - absence of sperm cells in semen

Teratospermia - increase in sperm with abnormal morphology

Asthenozoospermia - reduced sperm motility

Necrozoospermia - all sperm in the ejaculate are dead

Leucospermia - a high level of white blood cells in semen

Normozoospermia or Normospermia - It is a result of semen analysis that shows normal values of all ejaculate parameters by WHO but still there are chances of being infertile. This is also called as Unexplained Infertility ^[31]

Blood sample

Common hormonal test include determination of FSH and testosterone levels. A blood sample can reveal genetic causes of infertility, e.g. Klinefelter syndrome, a Y chromosome microdeletion, or cystic fibrosis.

Ultrasonography

Scrotal ultrasonography is useful when there is a suspicion of some particular diseases. It may detect signs of testicular dysgenesis, which is often related to an impaired spermatogenesis and to a higher risk of testicular cancer.^[4] Scrotum ultrasonography may also detect testicular lesions suggestive of malignancy.

Prevention

Some strategies suggested or proposed for avoiding male infertility include the following:

Avoiding smoking^[32] as it damages sperm DNA

Avoiding heavy marijuana and alcohol use.^[33]

Avoiding excessive heat to the testes.^[33]

Maintaining optimal frequency of coital activity: sperm counts can be depressed by daily coital activity^[33] and sperm motility may be depressed by coital activity that takes place too infrequently (abstinence 10–14 days or more).^[33]

 Wearing a protective cup and jockstrap to protect the testicles, in any sport such as baseball, football, cricket, lacrosse, hockey, softball, paintball, rodeo, motorcross, wrestling, soccer, karate or other martial arts or any sport where a ball, foot, arm, knee or bat can come into contact with the groin.

Diet: Healthy diets (i.e. the Mediterranean diet) rich in such nutrients as omega-3 fatty acids, some antioxidants and vitamins, and low in saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and trans-fatty acids (TFAs) are inversely associated with low semen quality parameters. In terms of food groups, fish, shellfish and seafood, poultry, cereals, vegetables and fruits, and low-fat dairy products have been positively related to sperm quality. However, diets rich in processed meat, soy foods, potatoes, full-fat dairy products, coffee, alcohol and sugar-sweetened beverages and sweets have been inversely associated with the quality of semen in some studies.  

Treatment

Treatments vary according to the underlying disease and the degree of the impairment of the male fertility. Further, in an infertility situation, the fertility of the female needs to be considered.

Pre-testicular conditions can often be addressed by medical means or interventions.

Testicular-based male infertility tends to be resistant to medication. Usual approaches include using the sperm for intrauterine insemination (IUI), in vitro fertilization (IVF), or IVF with intracytoplasmatic sperm injection (ICSI). With IVF-ICSI even with a few sperm pregnancies can be achieved.

Obstructive causes of post-testicular infertility can be overcome with either surgery or IVF-ICSI. Ejaculatory factors may be treatable by medication, or by IUI therapy or IVF.

Vitamin E helps counter oxidative stress,^[35] which is associated with sperm DNA damage and reduced sperm motility.^[36] A hormone-antioxidant combination may improve sperm count and motility.^[37] However there is only some low quality evidence from few small studies that oral antioxidants given to males in couples undergoing in vitro fertilisation for male factor or unexplained subfertility result in higher live birth rate.^[38] It is unclear if there are any adverse effects.^[38]

Hormonal therapy

Administration of luteinizing hormone (LH) (or human chorionic gonadotropin) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is very effective in the treatment of male infertility due to hypogonadotropic hypogonadism.^[39] Although controversial,^[40] off-label clomiphene citrate, an antiestrogen, may also be effective by elevating gonadotropin levels.^[39]

Estrogen, at some concentration, has been found to be essential for male  

Low-dose estrogen and testosterone combination therapy may improve sperm count and motility in some men,^[48] including in men with severe oligospermia.^[49]

 Future potential treatments

Researchers at Münster University developed in vitro culture conditions using a three-dimensional agar culture system which induces mouse testicular germ cells to reach the final stages of spermatogenesis, including spermatozoa generation.^[50] If reproduced in humans, this could potentially enable infertile men to father children with their own sperm.^[51][52]

Researchers from Montana State University developed precursors of sperm from skin cells of infertile men.^[53][54][55]

Sharpe et al comment on the success of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) in women saying, "[t]hus, the woman carries the treatment burden for male infertility, a fairly unique scenario in medical practice. Ironically, ICSI’s success has effectively diverted attention from identifying what causes male infertility and focused research onto the female, to optimize the provision of eggs and a receptive endometrium, on which ICSI’s success depends."^[56][57]

UNANI Treatment

A.Treat the cause specially. 

B. Generally zofe bah is treated under 3 stages

1. Taskeen o Tabreed

 2. Taqweeat

3 . Tahreek 

1. Taskeen o Tabreed. In this stage musakkinat o mubarridat advia are used locallly like natool post khadkhash, phitkiri mahlool, tila musakkin as well as orally such as talmakhana, toodari, moosli, beejband, singhara khusk, kushta qalyi and dawaus shifa  etc

2. Taqweeat . In this stage muqavviyate bah advia are used orally such as laboob kabeer majun salab             majun ard kurma etc.

3. Tahreek. In this stage muharrikat bah advia are used orally like majune falasfa, habbe ahmar etc. and as well as locally like tila shabab awar, tila Azam etc.

Islahe hazm o jigar are adopted in all stages. 

Course of the treatment depends upon chronicity of the disease.

List of musakkinat o mubarridat

Kushta qalyi

Kushta nuqra

Kushta jast

Kushta musallas

Qurs jiryan

Laboob barid

Majun ard khurma

Majun jiryan khas

Majun mughalliz jawahar 

Misali 

Matosin

Balooti

Jernide

Tila musakkin

Fitkiri mahlool

Roguan khaskhash

 List of muqavviyate

Laboob kabeer

Laboob Azam

Majun salab

Majun jalai

Majun momyayi

Majun ard khurma

Majun shabab awar

Majun jaleenoos lului

Habbe ambar momyayi

Habbe khas

Habbe jaleenoos

Habbe jadwar

Dawa tokore

 List of musakkinat

Khusta sammul far

Qurs khrateen

Qurse alhahmar

Qurs kushta shangraf

Habbe ahmar 

Majun flasfa

Habbe azaraqi

Tila Azam 

Tila shabab awar 

Tila Nishat angez

Tila ajeeb

Roghan beer bahooti

Roghan kharateen